Introduction
In Consolidated Construction Consortium Ltd. v. Software Technology Parks of India (Civil Appeal No. 5383 of 2024, decided on 28th April 2025), the Hon’ble Supreme Court has reaffirmed the limited scope of judicial interference with arbitral awards under Section 34 of the Arbitration and Conciliation Act, 1996. Dismissing the contractor’s appeal, the Court upheld the view taken by the arbitral tribunal that the levy of liquidated damages was legally and contractually valid despite the extension of time having been granted ex post facto.

Facts in a Nutshell
The respondent had awarded a construction contract to the appellant for a total cost of Rs. 16,48,69,970. The scheduled completion date was 15th January 2007. The appellant completed the work only by 30th November 2007. The respondent levied and deducted liquidated damages of Rs. 82,43,499 by invoking Clause 26 of the contract. After further deductions, the balance payable was Rs. 3,70,992.

The arbitral tribunal held that recovery of liquidated damages was valid contractually and legally, noting that the figure was fair and reasonable. All claims and counterclaims were dismissed by the award dated 10th May 2010. The appellant’s challenge under Section 34 succeeded before a Single Judge of the Madras High Court, who set aside the award. However, the Division Bench reversed the Single Judge’s order in an appeal under Section 37, restoring the arbitral award. The appeal before the Supreme Court arose from that decision.

Findings of the Supreme Court
The Court held that the scope of interference under Section 34 is restricted to the grounds mentioned in sub-sections (2) and (2A). It emphasised that “Section 34 is not in the nature of an appellate provision... The court exercising powers under Section 34 has perforce to limit its jurisdiction within the four corners of Section 34. It cannot travel beyond Section 34.” The Court further held that Section 37 cannot be construed to confer a wider appellate jurisdiction over arbitral awards, observing that “The Division Bench was justified in reversing the order of the learned Single Judge under Section 37 of the 1996 Act.”

The Court held that the arbitral tribunal had correctly concluded that the respondent had suffered financial loss as a result of the delay-specifically, continued payment of rent for the old premises and loss of potential rent from the new premises. The deduction of Rs. 82,43,499 by way of liquidated damages was held to be reasonable and contractually permissible. Endorsing the arbitrator’s view, the Court observed, “The figure of Rs. 82,43,499 was correctly quantified and deducted as liquidated damages by the respondent... The recovery of LD was valid contractually and legally. It was levied by a competent authority and the levied amount was fair and reasonable.”

The Court held that the extension of time granted by the respondent did not amount to a waiver of its right to recover liquidated damages. It noted that the appellant had continued with the contract work even after the last extended date of 30.06.2007 and that the extension granted by letter dated 26.09.2008 was clearly an ex post facto approval. It further held that the respondent had consistently reserved its right to levy damages in every communication, including the review meeting dated 18.12.2006. The extensions, the Court observed, were expressly granted “without prejudice” to the respondent’s entitlement under Clause 26.

The Court held that the arbitral award did not suffer from any patent illegality, nor was it contrary to public policy. The findings of the arbitrator were described as “a possible and plausible view.” It was impermissible, the Court held, for the Single Judge to reinterpret Clause 26 in a manner different from that adopted by the arbitrator. “A different interpretation of clause 26 other than the one taken by the arbitral tribunal is possible but that will not bring the challenge to the arbitral award within the four corners of Section 34”, the Court concluded.

Conclusion
The appeal was dismissed with the Hon’ble Court holding that arbitral autonomy must be respected and judicial interference should remain minimal. The court held that “The role of the court under Section 34... is clearly demarcated. It is a restrictive jurisdiction and has to be invoked in a conservative manner.” The court reaffirmed that arbitral awards will not be interfered with unless they fall squarely within the limited grounds under Section 34. Even in cases where time is extended for completion, deductions for liquidated damages may still be sustained if such extensions are issued with express reservation of rights and supported by evidence of loss¹.

By - Chaitanyaa Bhandarkar